Energy Efficient Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Technology in ‘Electronics and Instrumentation

Rourkela and this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree. Communication Engineering for his constant motivation and support during the course of our work in the last one year. We truly appreciate and value his guidance and encouragement from the commencement to the end of this thesis. His knowledge and company at the time of crisis would be remembered lifelong. We would like to thank all whose direct and indirect support helped us in completing our thesis in time. Last but not least we would like to thank our parents, who taught us the value of hard work by their own example. We would like to share this moment of happiness with them. ABSTARCT The popularity of Wireless Sensor Networks have increased tremendously due to the vast potential of the sensor networks to connect the physical world with the virtual world. Since these devices rely on battery power and may be placed in hostile environments replacing them becomes a tedious task. Thus, improving the energy of these networks becomes important. The thesis provides methods for clustering and cluster head selection to WSN to improve energy efficiency. It presents a comparison between the different methods on the basis of the network lifetime. It proposes a modified approach for cluster head selection with good performance and reduced computational complexity .In addition it also proposes BFO as an algorithm for clustering of WSN which would result in improved performance with faster convergence. 5 Legends T(n) threshold number below which node becomes cluster head p desired percentage of cluster heads r current round of advertisement phase G set of nodes that have not been cluster-heads in the last 1/P rounds E Tx (k,d) energy dissipated to transmit a k-bit message over distance d E Tx-elec (k) energy dissipated by transmitter electronics E Tx-amp (k,d) energy dissipated by amplifier electronics E elec constant energy of 50 nJ expended to run the amp and Tx circuitry E Rx-elec energy dissipated by receiver electronics membership value of A at x z i i th cluster centre x i i th random data point C i i th cluster z i * i th new cluster centre n i number of elements belonging to cluster C i v value at a gene position δ number in the range [0, 1] generated with uniform distribution θ i (j, k, l) i th bacterium at j th chemotactic …